HISTORY OF
TAE KWON-DO
(Tae Kwon-Do Yoksa)

Although the origins of the martial arts are shrouded in mystery, we consider it an undeniable fact that from time in memorial there have been physical actions involving the use of the hands and feet for purpose of self-protection.

If we were to define these physical actions as "Tae Kwon- Do", any country might claim credit for inventing Tae Kwon-Do. There is, however, scant resemblance between Tae Kwon-Do, as it is practiced today, and the crude forms of unarmed combat developed in the past.

Modern Tae Kwon-Do differs greatly from other martial arts. In fact, no other martial art is so advanced with regard to the sophistication and effectiveness of its technique or the over-all physical fitness it imparts to its practitioners.

Since the theories, terminology, techniques, systems, methods, rules, practice suit, and spiritual foundation were scientifically developed, systematized, and named by the author, it is an error to think of any physical actions employing the hand and feet for self-defense as Tae Kwon-Do. Only those who practice the techniques based on the author's theories, principles and philosophy are considered to be students of genuine Tae Kwon-Do.

When and where did Tae Kwon-Do begin?

A combination of circumstances made it possible for me to originate and develop Tae Kwon-Do. In addition to my prior knowledge of Taek Kyon, I had an opportunity to learn Karate in Japan during the unhappy thirty-six years when my native land was occupied by the Japanese. Soon after Korea was liberated in 1945, I was placed in a privileged position as a founding member of the newly formed South Korean Armed Forces.

The former provided me with a definite sense of creation, and the latter gave me the power to disseminate Tae Kwon-Do throughout the entire armed forces, despite furious opposition.

The emergence of Tae Kwon-Do as an international martial art in a relatively short period of time was due to a variety of factors. The evils of contemporary society (moral corruption, materialism, selfishness, etc.) had created a spiritual vacuum. Tae Kwon-Do was able to compensate for the prevailing sense of emptiness, distrust, decadence and lack of confidence.

In addition, these were violent times, when people felt the need for a means of protecting themselves, and the superiority of Tae Kwon-Do technique came to be widely recognized. My social stature, the advantage of being Tae Kwon-Do's

founder and my God-given health also contributed to the rapid growth of Tae Kwon-Do all over the world.

My involvement with the martial arts did much to supplement the health that God gave me. I had been born frail and weak and was encouraged to learn Taek Kyon at the age of fifteen by my teacher of calligraphy. In 1938, a few days before I was due to leave Korea to study in Japan I was involved in an unexpected incident that would have made it difficult to return home without risk of reprisals.

I resolved to become a black belt holder in Karate while I was in Japan.

The skills I required were, I felt, sufficient protection against those who might seek to do me harm. Not only was I able to return to Korea, but I subsequently initiated the national liberation movement known as the Pyongyang Student Soldier's Incident. Like so many patriots in the long course of human history, my actions aroused the wrath of those in positions of power. I was imprisoned for a time in a Japanese army jail. In January of 1946, I was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the fledgling Republic of Korea army and posted to the 4th infantry regiment in Kwangju, Cholla Namdo Province as a company commander.

I began to teach Karate to my soldiers as a means of physical and mental training. It was then that I realized that we needed to develop our own national martial art, superior in both spirit and technique to Japanese Karate. I strongly believed that teaching it throughout the country would enable me to fulfill the pledge I had made to three of my comrades, who had shared my imprisonment by the Japanese.

"The reason that our people suffer in this way at the hands of the Japanese," I had said, "is that our ancestors failed to rule wisely".

"They exploited the people and, in the end, lost the country to foreign domination. If we ever regain our freedom and independence, let us not become the rulers of the people. Instead, let us dedicate ourselves to advising those who rule."

It was with this ambition in mind that I began to develop new techniques, systematically, from March of that same year. By the end of 1954 I had nearly completed the foundation of a new martial art for Korea, and on April 11, 1955, it was given the name "Tae Kwon-Do".

On the spiritual level, Tae Kwon-Do is derived from the traditional, ethical and moral principles of the orient and, of course, from my personal philosophy.

Even though I am only five feet tall, I pride myself on having lived-in strict accordance with my moral convictions. I have tried to fight on the side of justice without fear of any kind. I believe that this was possible for me only because of the formidable power and indomitable spirit instilled by Tae Kwon-Do.

The physical techniques of Tae Kwon-Do are based on the principles of modern science, in particular, Newtonian physics which teaches us how to generate maximum power. Military tactics of attack and defense have also been incorporated.

I wish to make it clear that although Karate and Taek Kyon were used as references in the course of my study, the fundamental theories and principles of Tae Kwon-Do are totally different from those of any other martial art in the world.

In March of 1959, I led the military Tae Kwon-Do demonstration team on a tour abroad. We visited South Vietnam and Taiwan. It was the first such visit in the history of Korea. On this occasion, I renewed my resolution to leave my personal legacy to the world, in the form of Tae Kwon-Do, and I formulated the following basic ideals for the Tae Kwon-Do practitioners:

1. by developing an upright mind and a strong body, we will acquire the self-confidence to stand on the side of justice at all times;

2. we shall unite with all men in a common brotherhood, without regard to religion, race, national or ideological boundaries;

3. we shall dedicate ourselves to building a peaceful human society in which justice, morality, trust and humanism prevail;

I also resolved to dedicate myself to the world-wide propagation of Tae Kwon-Do, in the sincere hope that it would provide the means by which the unification of the divided halves of my fatherland would become possible.

My study of Tae Kwon-Do proceeded in two parts, spiritual discipline and technical perfection. Because the human spirit belongs to the realm of metaphysics, what I mean by spiritual discipline is not easy to describe. One cannot touch, see or hear the spirit of man, It is wider and deeper than anything we can perceive.

In this respect, I, myself, am only another student participating in a continuing and never-ending learning process.

I have come to define the spiritual dimensions of Tae Kwon-Do as fusing oneself with the ideals of Tae Kwon-Do and attaining and understanding the full meaning of each of the Tae Kwon-Do patterns. If we consider ourselves as one with Tae Kwon-Do, we will respect it as we respect our own bodies and Tae Kwon-Do will never be used in a dishonorable way.

The names of the patterns are derived from the most illustrious people to have been produced by nearly five thousand years of Korean history. A proper understanding of the patterns leads, inevitably to the realization that Tae Kwon-Do is a martial art to be used only for self-defense and only in the cause of justice.

The history of Korea contains not a single sample of its military forces being employed for the invasion of its neighbors or for any other purpose except national defense.

In the technical area, I created a wide variety of techniques that can be used in almost any situation. They are based on the following principles:

1. all movement should be designed to produce maximum power in accordance with scientific formulas and the principle of kinetic energy;

2. the principles behind the techniques should be so clear that even those ignorant to Tae Kwon-Do will be able to distinguish correct from incorrect movement;

3. the distance and angle of each movement should be exactly defined in order to achieve more efficient attack and defense;

4. the purpose and method of each movement should be clear and simple, in order to facilitate the teaching and learning process;

5. rational teaching methods should be developed so that the benefits of Tae Kwon-Do can be enjoyed by everyone, young and old, men and women;

6. correct breathing methods should be devised, enhancing the speed of each movement and reducing fatigue;

7. attack should be possible against any vital spot on the body and it should be possible to defend against all varieties of attack;

8. each attacking tool should be clearly defined and soundly based on the structure of the human body;

9. each movement should be easy to execute, enabling the student to enjoy Tae Kwon-Do as a sport and recreation;

10. special consideration should be paid to promoting good health and preventing injuries;

11. each movement should be harmonious and rhythmical so that Tae Kwon-Do is aesthetically pleasing;

12. each movement in a pattern must express the personality and spiritual character of the person it is named after.

Adherence to these basic principles is what makes Tae Kwon-Do a martial art, an aesthetic art, a science and sport.